Hybrid Orbitals
This site loads with s and p orbitals
on the home page. You can click on the buttons at the bottom of the page
to look at hybridized orbitals. If you click on
the "All" button, it will show you a table of the hybridized orbitals and the shapes of their corresponding molecules.
This site has audio.
sp2 Hybridized Orbitals
This page shows the electrons that contribute to an sp2 hybridized orbital. It
also illustrates how an sp2 hybridized orbital is
composed of one s orbital and two p orbitals through
a little animation.
Ionic Bonding
Alkali Metal Halide Crystals
Illustrations of KF, KCl, KBr,
KI. These crystals are all face centered cubes.
Lithium Chloride Crystals
Animation of lithium chloride crystal.
Cubic Close Packing
Animation of cubic close packing.
Covalent Bonding
VSEPR Theory
Interactive tool to observe the shapes and bond angles of molecules using VESPR
theory.
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Liquids
and Solids
Kinetic Molecular Theory
Observe the molecular motion in a solid, liquid and gas with this Kinetic
Molecular Theory tutorial. You can also
observe the movement of particles from the liquid to the gas phase during boiling
or evaporation.
Intermolecular
Forces
Hydrogen Bond Interactions
Animation of hydrogen bonding between two water molecules.
Dipole-Dipole Interactions
Animation of Dipole-Dipole interactions between two polar molecules.
London Disperson Forces
Excellent animation of London Dispersion (Van der Waal’s) forces. You can view the
electron distribution of nonpolar molecules as they
form temporary dipoles, which induce dipoles in neighboring molecules.
Boiling Point Trends
The boiling point trends are illustrated on this
website. The boiling points for H2O, NH3 and HF are of particular
interest.
Vapor Pressure of 3 Liquids
Vapor pressure graph of 3 liquids. Used to
illustrate the properties of liquids with different
intermolecular forces.
Density of Water vs. Ice
This site uses a side by side illustration of water and ice to show why water
is more dense than ice. You can rotate each of
the images by clicking and holding the mouse while turning the image.
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Solutions
Water and NaCl
This website has an animation of the solvation
process between water and NaCl. When the animation
has run for a few seconds you can choose to get a close up view of the solvation of Na+ and Cl-.
You can also observe a close up view of the solution after the solvation process.
Water and NaCl with Audio
This website has an animation of the solvation process between water and NaCl.
The audio will talk you through the solvation
process.
Another Water and NaCl
Animation of the salvation process between water and NaCl.
The “remove a chlorine” link does not seem
to be working properly.
Heat of Solution
This site contains a virtual experiment where you can observe the enthalpy
change when a solid is dissolved in water. You can change the identity of
the solute as well as the amount of solute and solvent.
Colligative Properties
View the boiling point and freezing point elevation when a solute is dissolved
in solvent. You can choose the solute
and the solvent. Choose the hot bath for the boiling point and the cold bath
for the freezing point.
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Equilibrium
LeChatlier's Principle
This site contains animations of equilibrium reactions and how those reactions
shift in response to changes in concentration, temperature and pressure.
There is also an audio component to this site.
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Acids
and Bases
Strong and Weak Acids
This site contains audio and illustrates through animations what happens to HCl, a strong acid, in solution contrasted with what
happens to HF, a weak acid, in solution. The role of water is omitted
from these animations for simplicity.
Ionization of HCl
You can observe the ionization of HCl
in water. The Bronsted-Lowry acid-base pairs
are also highlighted on this web page.
Autoionization of Water
This page has a quick animation of the autoionization
of water.
Buffers
This site contains an animation of how a buffer can
absorb both H+ ions and OH-
ions to maintain a constant pH. Includes audio.
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Kinetics
Activation Energy Diagram
Both endothermic and exothermic energy diagrams are
presented on this site. The audio component describes activation energy, change
in enthalpy, the activated complex as well as what is happening to the
reactants and products throughout the reaction.
Orientation
in a Chemical Reaction
When a reaction occurs molecules must collide with the correct
orientation and energy. This animation
with audio illustrates the importance of the orientation of the colliding
particles.
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Electrochemistry
Electrochemical Cells
The parts and electron flow of three electrochemical cells, Zn/Cu2+,
Zn/H+ and Cr/MnO4- and H+, are
illustrated on this site.
Zn/Cu2+ Cell
This site contains a thorough explanation of the Zn/Cu2+
galvanic, or voltaic, cell through animations and audio. The electric potential
of the Zn/Cu2+ cell is illustrated and you can click on each
electrode or the salt bridge to see what is happening on the microscopic level.
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